Metal Terminology (C)金属术语C

CAKE
Acopperingotrectangularincrosssectionintendedforrolling.

CAMBERORBOW
Edgewisecurvature.Alateraldepartureofasideedgeofsheetorstripmetalfromastraightline.

CAMERASHUTTERSTEEL
Hardened,temperedandbrightpolishedextraflatandextraprecisionrolled.Carboncontent1.25,Chromium.15.

CAPPEDSTEEL
(SeeBottleTopMold)

CARBIDE
Acompoundofcarbonwithoneormoremetallicelements.

CARBON
(ChemicalsymbolC)-ElementNo.6oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight12.01;hasthreeallotropicmodifications,allnon-metallic.Carbonispresetinpracticallyallferrousalloys,andhastremendouseffectonthepropertiesoftheresultantmetal.Carbonisalsoanessentialcompoundofthecementedcarbides.Itsmetallurgicaluse,intheformofcoke,forreductionofoxides,isveryextensive.

CARBONFREE
Metalsandalloyswhicharepracticallyfreefromcarbon.

CARBONRANGE
Insteelspecifications,thecarbonrangeisthedifferencebetweentheminimumandmaximumamountofcarbonacceptable.

CARBONSTEEL
Commonorordinarysteelascontrastedwithspecialoralloysteels,whichcontainotheralloyingmetalsinadditiontotheusualconstituentsofsteelintheircommonpercentages.

CARBURIZING
(Cementation)Addingcarbontothesurfaceofiron-basealloysbyabsorptionthroughheatingthemetalatatemperaturebelowitsmeltingpointincontactwithcarbonaceoussolids,liquidsorgasses.Theoldestmethodofcasehardening.

CASEHARDENING
Carburizingandsubsequentlyhardeningbysuitableheat-treatment,allorpartofthesurfaceportionsofapieceofiron-basealloy.

CAST
(1)Atermindicatingintheannealedstateas“CastSpringSteelWire.”(2)InreferencetoBrightorPolishedStripSteelorWire,thewordcastimpliesdiscolorationasashadow.(3)Atermimplyingalackofstraightnessasinacoilset.

CASTSTEEL
Anyobjectmadebypouringmoltensteelintomolds.

CEMENTITE
Acompoundofironandcarbonknownas“IronCarbide,”whichhastheapproximatechemicalformulaFe3Ccontaining6.69%ofcarbon.Hardandbrittle,itisthehardconstituentsofcastiron,andthenormalforminwhichcarbonispresentinsteel.Itismagnetizable,butnotasreadilyasferrite.

CHARCOALTINPLATE
TinPlatewitharelativelyheavycoatingoftin(higherthanthe“CokeTinPlate”grades).

CHATTERMARKS
(Defect)-Parallelindentationsormarksappearingatrightanglestoedgeofstripformingapatternatcloseandregularintervals,causedbyrollvibrations.

CHIPPING
Amethodforremovingseamsandsurfacedefectswithchiselorgougesothatsuchdefectswillnotbeworkingintothefinishedproduct.Chippingisoftenemployedtoremovemetalthatisexcessivebutnotdefective.Removalofdefectsbygascuttingisknownas“deseaming”or“scarfing.”

CHROMIUM
(ChemicalsymbolCr.)-ElementNo.24oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight52.01.Itisofbrightsilverycolor,relativelyhard.Itisstronglyresistanttoatmosphericandotheroxidation.ItisofgreatvalueinthemanufactureofStainlessSteelasaniron-basealloy.Chromiumplatinghasalsobecomealargeoutletforthemetal.Itsprincipalfunctionsasanalloyinsteelmaking;(1)increasesresistancetocorrosionandoxidation(2)increaseshardenability(3)addssomestrengthathightemperatures(4)resistsabrasionsandwear(withhighcarbon).

CHROMIUM-NICKELSTEEL
Steelusuallymadebytheelectricfurnaceprocessinwhichchromiumandnickelparticipateasalloyingelements.Thestainlesssteelof18%chromiumand8%nickelarethebetterknownofthechromium-nickeltypes.

CIGARETTEKNIFESTEEL
Hardened,temperedandbrightpolished.1.25Carboncontent-Chromium.15.AccurateflatnessnecessaryandahighhardnesswithRockwellC51to53.Usuallysizesare4?#148;wideand6”widex.004to.010.

CLADDING
Aprocessforcoveringonemetalwithanother.Usuallythesurfacesoffairlythickslabsoftwometalsarebroughtcarefullyintocontactandarethensubjectedtoco-rollingsothatacladcompositionresults.Insomeinstancesathickelectroplatemaybedepositedbeforerolling.

CLADMETAL
Acompositemetalcontainingtwoorthreelayersthathavebeenbondedtogether.Thebondingmayhavebeenaccomplishedbyco-rolling,welding,heavychemicaldepositionorheavyelectroplating.

CLUSTERMILL
Arollingmillwhereeachofthetwoworkingrollsofsmalldiameterissupportedbytwoormoreback-uprolls.

COBALT
(ChemicalsymbolCo.)ElementNo.27oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight58.94.Agraymagneticmetalofmediumhardness;itresistscorrosionlikenickel,whichitresemblesclosely;meltingpoint2696癋.;boilingpointabout5250癋.;specificgravity8.9.Itisusedasthematrixmetalinmostcementedcarbidesandisoccasionallyelectroplatedinsteadofnickel,thesulfatebeingusedaselectrolyte.Itsprincipalfunctionasanalloyintoolsteel;itcontributestoredhardnessbyhardeningferrite.

COILSETORLONGITUDINALCURL
Alengthwisecurveorsetfoundincoiledstripmetalsfollowingitscoilpattern.Adeparturefromlongitudinalflatness.Itcanberemovedbyrollerorstretcherlevelingfrommetalsinthesoftertemperranges.

COILS
Coiledflatsheetorstripmetal-usuallyinonecontinuouspieceorlength.

COINING
Aprocessofimpressingimagesorcharactersofthedieandpunchontoaplanemetalsurface.

COKEPLATE
(HotDippedTinPlate)Standardtinplate,withthelightestcommercialtincoat,usedforfoodcontainers,oilcanning,etc.Ahighergradeisthebestcokes,withspecialcokesrepresentingthebestofthecoketinvariety.Forhighqualitiesandheaviercoatings,see(CharcoalTinPlate).

COILBREAKS
CreasesorRidgesappearinginsheetsasparallellinestransversetothedirectionofrollingandgenerallyextendingacrossthewidthofthesheet.

COILWELD
Ajointbetweentwolengthsofmetalwithinacoil-whichisnotalwaysvisibleinthecoldreducedproduct.

COLDREDUCEDSTRIP
Metalstrip,madefromhot-rolledstrip,byrollingoncold-reductionmills.

COLDREDUCTION
Reductionofmetalsize,usuallybyrollingordrawingparticularlythickness,whilethemetalismaintainedatroomtemperatureorbelowtherecrystallizationtemperatureofthemetal.

COLDROLLEDFINISH
Finishobtainedbycoldrollingplainpickledsheetorstripwithalubricantresultinginarelativelysmoothappearance.

COLDROLLING
Rollingmetalatatemperaturebelowthesofteningpointofthemetaltocreatestrainhardening(work-hardening).Sameascoldreduction,exceptthattheworkingmethodislimitedtorolling.Coldrollingchangesthemechanicalpropertiesofstripandproducescertainusefulcombinationsofhardness,strength,stiffness,ductilityandothercharacteristicsknownastempers.

COLDSHORT
Thecharacteristicsofmetalsthatarebrittleatordinaryorlowtemperatures.

COLDSHUT
Adefectproducedduringcasting,causinganareainthemetalwheretwoportionsofthemetalineitheramoltenorplasticconditionhavecometogetherbuthavefailedtounite,fuse,or,blendintoasolidmass.(SeeLamination)

COLDWORKING
Plasticdeformation,suchasrolling,hammering,drawing,etc.,atatemperaturesufficientlylowtocreatestrainhardening(work-hardening).Commonly,thetermreferstosuchdeformationatnormaltemperatures.

COLUMBIUM
(ChemicalSymbolCb)-ElementNo.41oftheperiodicsystem.Atomicweight92.91.Itissteelgrayincolorandbrilliantluster.Specificgravity8.57.Meltingpointatabout4379癋.Itisusedmainlyintheproductionofstabilizedausteniticchromium-nickelsteels,alsotoreducetheair-hardeningcharacteristicsinplainchromiumsteelsofthecorrosionresistanttype.

COMMERCIALBRONZE
Acopper-zincalloy(brass)containing90%copperand10%zinc;usedforscrews,wire,hardware,etc.Althoughtermed“commercial-bronze”itcontainsnotin.Itissomewhatstrongerthancopperandhasequalorbetterductility.

COMMERCIALFINISH
(SeeFinishes)

COMMERCIALQUALITYSTEELSHEET
Normallytoaladleanalysisofcarbonlimitedat0.15max.AStandardQualityCarbonSteelSheet.

CONTINUOUSCASTING
Acastingtechniqueinwhichtheingotiscontinuouslysolidifiedwhileitisbeingpoured,andthelengthisnotdeterminedbymolddimensions.

CONTINUOUSFURNACE
Furnace,inwhichthematerialbeingheatedmovessteadilythroughthefurnace.

CONTINUOUSPICKLING
Passingsheetorstripmetalcontinuouslythroughaseriesofpicklingandwashingtanks.

CONTINUOUSSTRIPMILL
Aseriesofsynchronizedrollingmillstandsinwhichcoiledflatrolledmetalenteringthefirstpass(orstand)movesinastraightlineandiscontinuouslyreducedinthickness(notwidth)ateachsubsequentpass.Thefinishedstripisrecoileduponleavingthefinalorfinishingpass.

CONTROLLEDATMOSPHEREFURNACES
Afurnaceusedforbrightannealingintowhichspeciallypreparedgasesareintroducedforthepurposesofmaintaininganeutralatmospheresothatnooxidizingreactionbetweenmetalandatmospheretakesplace.

CONVERTER
Afurnaceinwhichairisblownthroughthemoltenbathofcrudemetalormatteforthepurposeofoxidizingimpurities.

COOLINGSTRESSES
Stressesdevelopbyunevencontractionorexternalconstraintofmetalduringcooling;alsothosestressesresultingfromlocalizedplasticdeformationduringcoolingandretained.

COPPER
(ChemicalsymbolCu)-ElementNo.29oftheperiodicsystem,atomicweight63.57.Acharacteristicallyreddishmetalofbrightluster,highlymalleableandductileandhavinghighelectricalandheatconductivity;meltingpoint1981癋.;boilingpoint4237癋.;specificgravity8.94.Universallyusedinthepurestateassheet,tube,rodandwireandalsoasalloyedbyotherelements(SeeBrassandBronze),asanalloywithothermetals.

COREWOUNDFLATWIRE
(SeeOscillatedWoundCoils)

CORROSION
Gradualchemicalorelectrochemicalattackonametalbyatmosphere,moistureorotheragents.

CORROSIONEMBRITTLEMENT
Theembrittlementcausedincertainalloysbyexposuretoacorrosiveenvironment.Suchmaterialisusuallysusceptibletotheintergranulartypeofcorrosionattack.

CORRUGATED
Asadefect.Alternateridgesandfurrows.Aseriesofdeepshortwaves.

CREEP
Thefloworplasticdeformationofmetalsheldforlongperiodsoftimeatstresseslowerthanthenormalyieldstrength.Theeffectisparticularlyimportantifthetemperatureofstressingisabovetherecrystallizationtemperatureofthemetal.

CRITICALPOINTS
Temperaturesatwhichinternalchangesortransformationstakeplacewithinametaleitheronarisingorfallingtemperature.

CRITICALRANGE
Atemperaturerangeinwhichaninternalchangetakesplacewithinametal.AlsotermedTransformationRange.

CROP
Thedefectiveendsofarolledorforgedproductwhicharecutoffanddiscarded.

CROSSBREAK
(SeeLudersLines)Thistermalsoappliestotransverseribsorripples.

CROSSDIRECTION
(Inrolledordrawnmetal)Thedirectionparalleltotheaxisoftherollsduringrolling.Thedirectionat,rightanglestothedirectionofrollingordrawing.

CROSSROLLING
Rollingatanangletothelongdimensionofthemetal;usuallydonetoincreasewidth.

CROWNORHEAVYCENTER
Increasedthicknessinthecenterofmetalsheetorstripascomparedwiththicknessattheedge.

CRUCIBLE
Aceramicpotorreceptaclemadeofgraphiteandclay,orotherrefractorymaterials,andusedinthemeltingofmetal.Thetermissometimesappliedtopotsmadeofcastiron,caststeelorwroughtsteel.

CRYSTAL
(1)Aphysicallyhomogeneoussolid,inwhichtheatoms,ions,ormoleculesarearrangedinathree-dimensionalrepetitivepattern.(2)Acoherentpieceofmatter,allpartsofwhichhavethesameanisotropicarrangementofatoms;inmetals,usuallysynonymouswith“grain”and“crystallite.”

CRYSTALLINE
Composedofcrystals.

CRYSTALLIZATION
Theformationofcrystalsbytheatomsassumingdefinitepositionsinacrystallattice.Thisiswhathappenswhenaliquidmetalsolidifies.(Fatigue,thefailureofmetalsunderrepeatedstresses,issometimesfalselyattributedtocrystallization.)

CUBE-CENTERED
Metallography-(Concerningspacelattices)-Body-centeredcubic.Referstocrystalstructure.

CUPFRACTURE
Atypeoffractureinatensiletestspecimenwhichlookslikeacuphavingtheexteriorportionextendedwiththeinteriorslightlydepressed.

CUPTEST
(SeeOlsenDuctilityTest)

CYANIDING
Surfacehardeningofaniron-basealloyarticleorportionofitbyheatingatasuitabletemperatureincontactwithacyanidesalt,followedbyquenching.