Metal Terminology (S)金属术语S

MetalTerminology(S)金属术语S

SAE
AbbreviationforSocietyofAutomotiveEngineers.Thisorganizationhasspecifiedcommonandalloysteelsandcopperbasealloysinaccordancewithanumericalindexsystemallowingapproximationofthecompositionofthemetal.Thelasttwodigitsindicatethecarboncontent,usuallywithin0.05%.

SALTSPRAYTEST
Anacceleratedcorrosiontestinwhichthemetalspecimensareexposedtoafinemistofsaltwatersolutioneithercontinuouslyorintermittently.

SATINFINISH
(SeeSCRATCHBRUSHEDFINISH)

SCAB
(Scabby)-Ablemishcausedonacastingbyeruptionofgasfromthemoldfaceorbyunevenmoldsurfaceoroccurringwheretheskinfromablowholehaspartlyburnedawayandisnotwelded.

SCALE
(SeeScaling)

SCALELESSBLUE
(SeeBlackOilTemperedSpringSteel)

SCALING
(1)Oxidationofmetalduetoheatresultinginrelativelyheavysurfacelayersofoxide.(2)Removalofscalefrommetal.

SCALLOP
(SeeEar)

SCALPING
Machiningthesurfacelayersfromingots,billetsandslabsbeforefabrications.

SCARFING
Cuttingsurfaceareasofmetalobjects,ordinarilybyusingagastorch.Theoperationpermitssurfacedefectstobecutfromingots,billets,ortheedgesofplatethataretobebeveledforbuttwelding.(SeeChipping)

SCLEROSCOPEHARDNESS(TEST)
Amethodformeasuringthehardnessofmetal;adiamond-pointedhammerdropsfromafixeddistancethroughatubeontothesmoothedmetalsurfaceandtherebounddistance,withaspecifiedhigh-carbonsteelas100.

SCRAP
Materialunsuitablefordirectusebutusableforreprocessingbyremelting.

SCRATCHBRUSHEDFINISH
Finishobtainedbymechanicallybrushingthesurfacewithwirebristlebrushes,bybuffingwithgreaselesscompoundorbycoldrollingwithwirebristledrollsofscratchetchedfinish.

SEAM
(Adefect.)-Onthesurfaceofmetalacrackthathasbeenclosedbutnotwelded;usuallyproducedbysomedefecteitherincastingorinworking,suchasblowholesthathavebecomeoxidizedorfoldsandlapsthathavebeenformedduringworking.Similartocoldshutandlaminations.

SEAMWELDING
Anelectric-resistancetypeofweldingprocess,inwhichthelappedsheetispassedbetweenelectrodesoftherollertypewhileaseriesofoverlappingspotweldsismadebytheintermittentapplicationofelectriccurrent.

SECONDS
Thedesignationgiventosheetorstripthathasimperfectionsinmoderatedegreeorextent,whichmaybeclassifiedintwogeneralgroupsimperfectionsinthebasematerial,orothermanufacturingdefects.Thistermisnotusedinconnectionwithnon-ferrousalloys.

SEGMENTSTEEL
Usedforlaminatedpistonrings.Carboncontentabout.70%.Hardenedandbluetemperedwithroundedges.HardnessusuallyRockwell’s30N68to71,widthsizesvaryfrom.058to.163”andthickness’are.020,.024and.030”.

SEGREGATION
Inanalloy,concentrationofcarbonoralloyingelementsatspecificregions,usuallyasaresultoftheprimarycrystallizationofonephasewiththesubsequentconcentrationofotherelementsintheremainingliquid.

SELF-HARDENINGSTEEL
Asteelcontainingsufficientcarbonoralloyingelement,orboth,toformmartensiteeitherthroughairhardeningor,asinweldingandinductionhardening,throughrapidremovalofheatfromalocallyheatedportionbyconductionintothesurroundingcoldmetal.(SeeAir-HardeningSteel)

SEMIFINISHEDSTEEL
Steelintheformofbillets,blooms,etc.,requiringfurtherworkingbeforecompletionintofinishedsteelreadyformarking.

SEMIKILLEDSTEEL
Steelincompletelydeoxidized,topermitevolutionofsufficientcarbonmonoxidetooffsetsolidificationshrinkage.

SEMI-STEEL
Castiron(notsteel)ofhighquality,obtainedbyusingalargepercentageofsteelscrapwiththepigiron.

SHEAR
Atypeofcuttingoperationinwhichthemetalobjectiscutbymeansofamovingbladeandfixededgeorbyapairofmovingbladesthatmaybeeitherflatorcurved.

SHEARCRACK
Adiagonal,transgranulartrackcausedbyshearstresses.

SHIM
Athinflathardmetalstripproducedtoclosetolerances;usedprimarilyfortool,dieandmachinealignmentpurposes.Insteeltherearefourgeneraltypes:(1)LowCarbonRockwellB80/100;(2)HardRolledHighCarbonRockwellC28/33;(3)HardenedandTemperedSpringSteelRockwellC44/51;(4)AustiniticStainlessSteelRockwellC35/45.Brassshimofcommercialqualityisalsousedandmostgenerallyspecifiedas2Nos.Hardbutmaybe4Nos.Hard.

SHOREHARDNESSTEST
(SeeScleroscopeHardness)

SHORT
(SeeBrittleness)

SHORTTERNE
Atermapplyingtoternecoated(LeadandTin)sheetswithreferencetoBaseBoxsizes(14”x20”).(SeeTernePlate)

SHOTBLASTING
Cleaningsurfaceofmetalbyairblast,usingmetalshotasanabrasive.

SHRINKAGECAVITY
Avoidleftincastmetalsasaresultofsolidificationshrinkageandtheprogressivefreezingofmetaltowardsthecenter.

SILICON
(ChemicalSymbolSi)-ElementNo.14oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight28.06.Extremelycommonelement,themajorcomponentofallrocksandsands;itschemicalreactions,however,arethoseofametalloid.Usedinmetallurgyasadeoxidizingscavenger.Siliconispresent,tosomeextent,inallsteels,andisdeliberatelyaddedtotheextentofapproximately4%forelectricsheets,extensivelyusedinalternatingcurrentmagneticcircuits.Siliconcannotbeelectrodeposited.

SILICONSTEEL
Steelusuallymadeinthebasicopen-hearthorelectricfurnace,withabout0.50-5.%silicon,otherelementsareusuallykeptaslowaspossible.Becauseofhighelectricalresistanceandlowhysteresisloss,siliconsheetandstriparestandardinelectricmagnetmanufacture.

SILKYFRACTURE
Asteelfracturethathasaverysmoothfinetrainorsilkyappearance.

SILVERSOLDERS
Alloysofsilver,copper,zincandothermetals,meltingbetween650and875癈.usedformakingstrongyetmoderatelyductilejointsthatresistcorrosion.

SINGLE-ACTIONPRESS
Aformingpressthatoperateswithasinglefunction,suchasmovingapunchintoadiewithnosimultaneousactionforholdingdowntheclankorejectingtheformedwork.

SINKERSTEEL
Usedformakingsinkersinhosierymakingmachinery.Suppliedbothhardenedandtemperedandcoldrolledandannealed.Usuallyextraprecisionrolledandextraflat.Carboncontentabout1.25%.

SINKHEADORHOTTOP
Areservoirinsulatedtoretainheatandtoholdexcessmoltenmetalontopofaningotmoldinordertofeedtheshrinkageoftheingot.Alsocalled“shrinkhead”or“feederhead.”

SINTEREDCARBIDE
Composite,containingcarbidesofextremelyrefractorymetals,suchastungsten,tantalum,titanium,etc.,cementedtogetherbyarelativelylow-meltingmetal,suchascobaltactingasamatrix.

SINTERING
Convertingpowderintoacontinuousmassbyheatingtoatemperatureconsiderablybelowfusion,usuallyafterpreliminarycompactingbypressure.

SKELP
Aplateofsteelorwroughtironfromwhichpipeortubingismadebyrollingtheskelpintoshapelongitudinallyandweldingorrivetingtheedgestogether.

SKIN
Athinsurfacelayerthatisdifferentfromthemainmassofametalobject,incompositionstructureorothercharacteristics.

SLAB
(SeeBloom)

SLAG
Aproductresultingfromtheactionofafluxonthenonmetallicconstituentsofaprocessedore,orontheoxidizedmetallicconstituentsthatareundesirable.Usuallyslagsconsistofcombinationsofacidoxideswithbasicoxides,andneutraloxidesareaddedtoaidfusibility.

SLITEDGES
Theedgesofsheetorstripmetalresultingfromcuttingtowidthbyrotaryslitters.

SLITTING
Cuttingsheetorstripmetaltowidthbyrotaryslitters.

SLIVER
(Defect)-Loosemetalpiecerolleddownontothesurfaceofthemetalduringtherollingoperations.

SOAKING
Prolongedheatingofametalatselectedtemperature.

SOFTSKINROLLEDTEMPER
(No.4Temper)-Inlowcarbon-rolledstripsteel,softandductile.Producedbysubjectingannealedstriptoapinchpassorskinrolling(averylightrolling).

SOLDEREMBRITTLEMENT
Reductioninductilityofametaloralloy,associatedwithlocalpenetrationbymoltensolderalonggrainboundaries.

SOLDERING
Joiningmetalsbyfusionofalloysthathaverelativelylowmeltingpointsmostcommonly,lead-baseortin-basealloys,whicharethesoftsolders.Hardsoldersarealloysthathavesilver,copper,ornickelbasesanduseofthesealloyswithmeltingpointshigherthan800癋.isgenerallytermedbrazing.

SOLUTIONHEATTREATMENT
Aprocessinwhichanalloyisheatedtoasuitabletemperature,isheldatthistemperaturelongenoughtoallowacertainconstituenttoenterintosolidsolutionandisthencooledrapidlytoholdtheconstituentinsolution.Themetalisleftinasupersaturated,unstablestateandmaysubsequentlyexhibitagehardening.

SORBITE
Structureofsteel,resultingfromthetemperingofmartensite.Inatrulysorbiticstructure,thecementiteiscompletelydispersedinthematrix.Thetrendistocallthisstructuretemperedmartensite.

SORBITICPEARLITE
Structureofsteelresulting,oncoolingundertheproperconditionsfromthedecompositionofaustenite;hasafine,Lamellarappearance.

SPACE-CENTERED
(Concerningspacelattices)-Body-centered.

SPACELATTICE
(Crystal)-Asystemofequivalentpointsformedbytheintersectionsofthreesetsofplanesparalleltopairsofprincipalaxes;thespacelatticemaybethoughtofasformedbythecornersoftheunitcells.

SPECIFICGRAVITY
Anumericalvaluerepresentingtheweightofagivensubstanceascomparedwiththeweightofanequalvolumeofwater,forwhichthespecificgravityistakenas1.0000.

SPECTOGRAPH
(X-rays)-Aninstrumentusinganextendedsurface-aphotographicplateorfilm,orafluorescentscreen-forreceivingtheX-raydiffractionpattern.

SPELTER
(PrimeWesternSpecter).Alow-gradeofVirginZinccontainingapproximately98%ZincusedinGalvanizingprocesses.

SPHEROIDIZING
Anyprocessofprolongedheatingandslowcoolingofsteelwhichwillconvertthecarbidecontentintoroundedorspheroidform.

SPIEGEL
High-manganesepigiron,containing15-30%manganese,approximately5%carbon,andlessthan1%silicon,usedinthemanufactureofsteelbytheBessemer,orbasicopen-hearthprocess.

SPINNING
Theprocedureofmakingsheetmetaldiscsintohollowshapesbypressingthemetalagainstarotatingform(spinningchuck)byatool.

SPOTWELDING
Anelectric-resistanceweldingprocessinwhichthefusionislimitedtoasmallarea.Thepiecesbeingweldedarepressedtogetherbetweenapairofwater-cooledelectrodesthroughwhichanelectricalcurrentispassedduringaveryshortintervalsothatfusionoccursoverasmallareaattheinterfacebetweenthepieces.

SPRING-BACK
Anindicatorofelasticstresses,frequentlymeasuredastheincreaseindiameterofacurvedstripafterremovingitfromthemandrelaboutwhichitwasheld.Themeasurementisemployedasanindicatoroftheextentofrecoveryorreliefofresidualstressesthathasbeenachievedbythetransformationofelasticstraintoplasticstrainduringheatingorstressrelieving.

SPRINGSTEEL
Steel,normallyofthehigh-carbonoralloytype,usedinthemanufactureofsprings,lendingitselftoappropriateheattreatment;usuallymadeistheopenhearthorelectricfurnace.

SPRINGSTEELSTRIP
Anyofanumberofstripsteelsproducedforuseinthemanufactureofsteelspringsorwherehightensilepropertiesarerequiresmarketedintheannealedstate,hardrolledorashardenedandtemperedstrip.

SPRINGTEMPER
Inbrassmillterminology,SpringTemperiseightnumbershardor60.50%reduction.

STABILIZINGANNEAL
Atreatmentappliedtoaustenticstainlesssteelsthatcontaintitaniumorcolumbium.Thistreatmentconsistsofheatingtoatemperaturebelowthatofafullannealinordertoprecipitatethemaximumamountofcarbonattitaniumcarbideorcolumbiumcarbide.Thiseliminatesprecipitationatlowertemperatures,whichmightreducetheresistanceofthesteeltocorrosion.

STABILIZINGTREATMENT
Athermaltreatmentdesignedtoprecipitatematerialfromsolidsolution,inordertoimprovetheworkability,todecreasethetendencyofcertainalloystoagehardenatroomtemperature,ortoobtaindimensionalstabilityunderserviceatslightlyelevatedtemperatures.

STAINLESSSTEEL
Corrosionresistantsteelofawidevariety,butalwayscontainingahighpercentageofchromium.Thesearehighlyresistanttocorrosionattackbyorganicacids,weakmineralacids,atmosphericoxidation,etc.

STAMPING
Atermusedtorefertovariouspressformingoperationsincoining,embossing,blanking,andpressing.

STEAMBLUED
(SeeBluing)

STEEL
Iron,malleableinatleastonerangeoftemperaturebelowitsmeltingpointwithoutspecialheattreatmentsubstantiallyfreefromslag,andcontainingcarbonmorethanabout0.05%andlessthanabout2.00%.Otheralloyingelementsmaybepresentinsignificantquantities,butallsteelscontainatleastsmallamountsofmanganeseandsilicon,andusuallyasundesirableconstituents,alsosulfurandphosphorus.

STICKER
Steelsheetsorstripadhering.Usuallybyfusionspotscausedbyoverheatingduringboxannealing.

STRAIGHT-CHROME
Anironalloy.Atermindicatingagroupofstainlesssteelstheprincipalalloyingelementofwhichischromiuminvaryingamountsfrom4.00to27.00%.

STRAIN
Deformationproducedonabodybyanoutsideforce.(SeealsoStressandHooke’sLaw.)

STRAINAGING
Aginginducedbycoldworking.(SeeAging)

STRAINHARDENING
Anincreaseinhardnessandstrengthcausedbyplasticdeformationattemperatureslowerthantherecrystallizationrange.

STRESS
Deformingforcetowhichabodyissubjectedortheresistancewhichthebodyofferstodeformationbytheforce.(SeealsoStrainandHooke’sLaw)

STRESSRELIEF
Lowtemperatureannealingforremovinginternalstresses,suchasthoseresultinginametalfromworkhardeningorquenching.

STRESSRELIEVING
Reducingresidualstressesbyheating.

STRETCHFORMING
Aprocessofformingpanelsandcowlsoflargecurvaturebystretchingsheetoveraformofthedesiredshape.Thismethodismorerapidthanhammeringandbeating.

STRETCHERLEVELING
(Alsotermed“patentleveling.”)Amethodofmakingmetalsheetorstripdeadflatbystretching.

STRETCHERSTRAINS
Longvein-likemarksappearingonthesurfaceofcertainmetals,inthedirectionofthemaximumshearstress,whenthemetalissubjectedtodeformationbeyondtheyieldpoint.AlsotermedLudersLines.(NotadefectinNo.5deadsofttemper.)

STRIPSTEEL
(ColdRolled)-Aflatcoldrolledsteelproduct(OtherthanFlatWire)2315/16”andnarrower;under.250’inthickness,whichhasbeencoldreducedtodesireddecimalthicknessandtemperonsinglestand,singlestandreversing,ortandemcoldmillsincoilformfromcoiledhotrolledpickledstripsteel.

STRUCTURE
Thearrangementofparts;incrystals,especiallytheshapeanddimensionoftheunitcell,andthenumber,kindsandpositionsoftheatomswithinit.

SULFUR
(ChemicalSymbolS.)-ElementNo.16oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight32.06.Non-metaloccurringinanumberofallotropicmodifications,themostcommonbeingapale-yellowbrittlesolid.Insteelmostcommonlyencounteredasanundesiredcontaminant.However,itisfrequentlydeliberatelyaddedtocuttingstocktoincreasemachinability.