Metal Terminology (T-U)金属术语T-U

MetalTerminologyT

TANDEMMILL
Arrangementofrollingmills,indirectline,allowingthemetaltopassfromonesetofrollsintothenext.

TAPPING
Transferringmoltenmetalfrommeltingfurnacetoladle.

TARNISH
Surfacediscolorationonametal,usuallyfromathinfilmofoxideorsulfide.

TEEMING
Pouringmetalintoingotmolds.

TELESCOPING
Transverseslippingofsuccessivelayersofacoilsothattheedgeofthecoilisconicalratherthanflat.

TEMPER
Thestateoforconditionofametalastoitshardnessortoughnessproducedbyeitherthermaltreatmentorheattreatmentandquenchorcoldworkingoracombinationofsameinordertobringthemetaltoitsspecifiedconsistency.Eachbranchofthemetalproducingindustryhasdevelopeditsownsystemoftemperdesignates.Inflatrolledproductsincludingsheetandstripsteel,tinmillproducts,stainlessstrip,aluminumsheetandcopperbasealloystrip;theyareshownasfollows:

ALUMINUMSHEET-(SeeAluminum)

COPPERBASEALLOYS(ColdRolled)-BSGageNumbers.

NOTE-Hardnessisindicatedconditionwhilehardnessvarieswithalloychanges.

Temper.......................................Hardness

Annealed......................................................................CommerciallySoft

QuarterHard................................................................OneNumberHard

HalfHard.....................................................................TwoNumbersHard

HardTemper................................................................FourNumbersHard

ExtraHard....................................................................SixNumbersHard

SpringTemper..............................................................EightNumbersHard

ExtraSpringTemper.....................................................TenNumbersHard

SHEETSTEEL(LowCarbonColdRolled)-TemperClassifications.

Temper.........................................Rockwell

FullHard......................................................................069andthinnerB90min.

......................................................................................070andthinnerB84min.

HalfHard.....................................................................Approx.R/B70/85

QuarterHard...............................................................Approx.R/B60/75

SoftCommercialQuality..............................................Approx.R/B66max.

DrawingQuality...........................................................Approx.R/B55max.

STAINLESSSTRIPSTEEL(ColdRolledTemperClassification)-Type301.

NOTE-Thevariousstainlessstriptempersarebasedonspecifiedminimumvaluesfortensilestrengthoryieldstrengthorboth.However,becauseofcustom,bothdistributorsandcustomersalikerelyonapproximateRockwellreadingsfortemperclassification.Toillustrate:

Temper(Type301)...............Rockwell................TensilePsi

Soft................................................Approx.B75/85......................110,000Min.

QuarterHard..................................Approx.C25/30.....................125,000Min.

HalfHard........................................Approx.C30/35.....................150,000Min.

ThreeQuartersHard.......................Approx.C35/40.....................175,000Min.

FullHard.........................................Approx.C40/45.....................185,000Min.

ExtraHard(Type301)....................Approx.C45min....................200,000Min.

Type430Soft.................................Approx.B75/85......................75/85,000

STRIPSTEEL(LowCarbonColdRolled)-TemperClassifications.

Temper........................Rockwell................MeansTensile

No.1FullHard...................069andthinnerB90min......................80,000

............................................070andthickerB84min......................80,000

No.2Halfhard.............................................B70/85.......................64,000

No.3QuarterHard......................................B60/75........................54,000

No.4SkinRolled.........................................B65max......................48,000

No.5DeadSoft..........................................B55max.

TEMPEREDSPRINGSTEELS(Strip)-TemperindicationistoRockwellHardnessonly.

TINMILLPRODUCTS(Steel)TemperClassifications-NOTSTANDARDIZED.FORINFORMATIONONLY.(NottobeconfusedwiththeColdRolledStripSteelTemperNumberingSystemwhereinNo.1TemperindicatesFullHard,whileintheTINMILLProductNumberingSystemNo.1Temperindicatesasoftcondition.)ThefollowingRockwellrangesareapprox.only.

Temper-Number.................Rockwell-30TScale........RockwellBScale

No.1Temper........................................Aimat46/52............................Aimat45/53

No.2Temper........................................Aimat50/56............................Aimat51/59

No.21/2Temper...................................Aimat52/58............................Aimat53/62

No.3Temper........................................Aimat54/60............................Aimat56/66

No.4Temper.........................................Aimat58/64............................Aimat62/71

*No.5Temper......................................Aimat62/68............................Aimat68/77

*No.6Temper......................................Aimat62/73............................Aimat75/84

*NOTE:Tempers5and6aretemperrolledfromrephosphorizedsteelinordertodevelopdesiredhardnessandstiffness.Theabovetemperclassificationsareusedprincipallybyproducingmillsandcanmanufacturebutarenotingeneraluseinthesheetandstripindustry.

TEMPEREDandPOLISHEDSPRINGSTEELSTRIP
90/1.03%carbonrange(Alsoknownasclockspringsteel.)-Thisproduct,whilesimilartogeneraldescriptionunderheadingofTemperedSpringSteelStrip,ismanufacturedandprocessedwithgreatandextremecareexercisedineachstepofitsproduction.Manufacturedfromcarbonrangeof.90/1.03%withRockwellrangeC48/51.Clockspringqualityhasbeengroundandpolishedwithedgesdressed.Itisusuallysupplieddarkblueincolorandhasawiderangeofuses,suchascoiledandflatmechanicalsprings,ignitionvibratorsprings,springsfortimingdevices,springsfortheelectricandelectronicfields,steeltapes,rules,etc.

TEMPEREDSPRINGSTEELSTRIP
Anymediumorhighcarbon(excludingclockspring)stripsteelofspringqualitywhichhasbeenhardenedandtemperedtomeetspecifications.Wherespecificationcallsforblueorstrawcolor,sameisaccomplishedbypassingthroughheatpreparedatpropertemperaturedependingoncolorrequired.Blueisdevelopedatapproximately600癋.

TEMPERING
(Alsotermed“drawing.”)-Aprocessofre-heatingquench-hardenedornormalizedsteeltoatemperaturebelowthetransformationrangeandthencoolingatanyratedesired.Theprimarypurposeoftemperingistoimpartadegreeofplasticityortoughnesstothesteeltoalleviatethebrittlenessofitsmartensite.

TEMPERROLLING
Subjectingmetalsheetorstriptoaslightamountofcoldrollingfollowingannealing(usually?to1?%)toforestallstretcherstrains.Alsotermed“PinchPass”or“SkinRolled.”(SeeColdRolling)

TENSILESTRENGTH
(Alsocalledultimatestrength)-Breakingstrengthofamaterialwhensubjectedtoatensile(stretching)force.Usuallymeasuredbyplacingastandardtestpieceinthejawsofatensilemachine,graduallyseparatingthejaws,andmeasuringthestretchingforcenecessarytobreakthetestpiece.Tensilestrengthiscommonlyexpressedaspounds(ortons)persquareinchoforiginalcrosssection.

TENSILETEST
(SeeTensileStrength)

TERNARYALLOY
Analloythatcontainsthreeprincipalelements.

TERNEPLATE
Sheetsteel,coatedwithalead-tinalloy.Thepercentageoftinisusuallykeptaslowaspossiblebecauseofitshighcost;however,about15%isnormallynecessaryinordertoobtainpropercoatingofthesteel,sincepureleaddoesnotalloywithironandsomesurfacealloyingisnecessaryforproperadhesion.

THERMOCOUPLE
Adeviceformeasuringtemperaturesbytheuseoftwodissimilarmetalsincontact;thejunctionofthesemetalsgivesrisetoameasurableelectricalpotentialwithchangesintemperature.

THICKNESSGAGEORFEELERSTOCK
Ahardenedandtempered,edged,ground,andpolishedthinsection,highcarbonstripsteel.Usually?#148;inwidthandinthicknessesfrom.001to.050”manufacturedtoextremelyclosetolerances.Itisusedprimarilyfordeterminingmeasurementofopeningsbytoolanddiemakers,machinists,andautomobiletechnicians.Itispreparedinhandypocketsizeknife-likeholderscontaininganassemblyofvariousthicknesses.Alsopreparedinstandard12”lengthswithroundedendsin10’and25’coils.Universallyusedinthemetalindustry.

THREE-QUARTERHARDTEMPER
(A)Instainlesssteelstriptempersarebasedonaminimumtensileoryieldstrength.ForChromium-Nickelgradesthree-quarterhardtemperis175,000T.S.,135,000Y.S.min.(B)InBrassmillterminology,thistemperisthreeB&Snumbershardor29.4%thicknessreduction.

TIN
(ChemicalSymbolSn)-ElementNo.50oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight118.70.Softsilverywhitemetalofhighmalleabilityandductility,butlowtensilestrength;meltingpoint449癋.,boilingpoint4384癋.,yieldingthelongestmolten-staterangeforanycommonmetal;specificgravity7.28.Principaluseasacoatingonsteelintinplate;alsoasaconstituentinalloys.

TINNING
Coatingwithtin,commonlyeitherbyimmersionintomoltentinorbyelectrodeposition;alsobyspraying.

TINPLATEBASEBOX
ATinPlateBaseBoxismeasuredintermsofpoundsperBaseBox(112sheets14”x20”)aunitpeculiartothetinindustry.Thiscorrespondstoitsareaofsheettotalingto31.360squareinchesofanygageandisappliedtotinplateweighingfrom55to275poundsperbasebox.Toconverttodecimalthicknessmultiplyweightperbaseboxby.00011.

TINPLATING
Electroplatingmetalobjectswithtin;theobjecttobecoatedismadecathode(negativeelectrode)inanelectrolyticbathcontainingadecomposabletinsalt.

TITANIUM
(ChemicalSymbolTi)-ElementNo.22oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight47.90,meltingpointabout3270癋.;boilingpointover5430癋;specificgravity4.5.Brightwhitemetal,verymalleableandductilewhenexceedinglypure.Itsprincipalfunctionsasanalloyinthemakingofsteel(1)Fixescarbonininertparticles(a)reducesmartensitichardnessandhardenabilityinmediumchromiumsteel(b)preventsformationofausteniteinhigh-chromiumsteels(c)preventslocalizeddepletionofchromiuminstainlesssteelduringlongheating.Nowfindingapplicationinitsownrightbecauseofitshighstrengthandgoodcorrosionresistance.

TOLERANCELIMIT
Thepermissibledeviationfromthedesiredvalue.

TOOLSTEEL
Anyhighcarbonoralloysteelcapableofbeingsuitabletemperedforuseinthemanufactureoftools.

TOUGHNESS
Propertyofresistingfractureordistortion.Usuallymeasuredbyimpacttest,highimpactvaluesindicatinghightoughness.

TRACE
Extremelysmallquantityofanelement,usuallytoosmalltodeterminequantitatively.

TRANSFORMATION
Aconstitutionalchangeinasolidmetal,e.g.,thechangefromgammatoalphairon,ortheformationofpearlitefromaustenite.

TRANSFORMATIONRANGE
Temperaturerangeoverwhichachemicalormetallurgicalchangetakesplace.

TRANSFORMATIONTEMPERATURE
Thetemperatureatwhichtransformationoccurs.Thetermissometimesusedtodenotethelimitingtemperatureofatransformationrange.

TROOSITE
Temperedmartensitethatetchesrapidly,usuallyappearsdark,andisnotresolvedbythemicroscope.

TROWELSTEEL
Hardenedandtemperedspringsteel..90to1.05%carboncontent.Ordinarytolerances,butrolledextraflat-RockwellC50.Usedinthemanufactureofplasteringtrowels.

TRUSSSPRINGSTEEL
Suppliedcoldrolledandbrightannealed.Carboncontentabout.70%-Manganese.74%.Mustbeformedveryseverelyandmustbeasfreeaspossiblefromdecarburization.

TUKONHARDNESSTEST
Amethodfordeterminingmicro-hardnessbyusingaKnoopdiamondindenterorVickerssquare-basepyramidindenter.

TUMBLING
Cleaningarticlesbyrotatingtheminacylinderwithcleaningmaterials.

TUNGSTEN
(ChemicalsymbolW)-ElementNo.74oftheperiodicsystem;atomicweight183.92.Graymetalofhightensilestrength,ductileandmalleablewhenspeciallyhandled.Itisimmunetoatmosphericinfluencesandmostacids,butnottostrongalkalies.Themetalisusedasfilamentandinthinsheetforminincandescentbulbsandradiotubes.(1)Formshardabrasionresistantparticlesintoolsteels.(2)Promoteshardnessandstrengthatelevatedtemperatures.

TUNGSTENCARBIDE
Compoundoftungstenandcarbon,ofcompositionvaryingbetweenWCandW2C;imbeddedinmatrixofsoftmetal,suchascobalt,extensivelyusedforSinteredCarbideTools.

TWIST
Awindingdeparturefromflatness.

MetalTerminologyU
ULTIMATESTRENGTH
(SeeTensileStrength)

UTILITYSHEETALUMINUM
Millfinishcoiledorflatsheetofunspecifiedcompositionandpropertiesproducedinspecificstandardsizesandsuitableforgeneralbuildingtradeusage.

UPSETTING
(1)Ametalworkingoperationsimilartoforging.(2)Theprocessofaxialflowunderaxialcompressionofmetal,asinformingheadsonrivetsbyflatteningtheendofwire.