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Adivingsuitisanitemofclothingordevicedesignedforprotectingdiversfromtheunderwaterenvironment.Moderndivingsuitscanbedividedintotwokinds:ambientpressureor"soft"divingsuitsandatmosphericpressureor"hard"divingsuits.Standarddivingdressisnowobsoletebutishistoricallyinteresting.
Ambientpressuredivingsuitsareaformofexposureprotectionusedinscubadivingorfreediving.Theyprotectdiversfromthecoldandprovidesomedefencefromstinginganimalsandfromabrasiveandsharpobjectsandanimalsunderwater,buttheydonotprotectdividersfromthepressureofthesurroundingwater.
Unlikeatmosphericdivingsuits,ambientpressuredivingsuitsprovidenoprotectiontothediverfrombarotraumaordecompressionsickness.
Thesuitsareoftenmadefromneoprene,heavy-dutyfabriccoatedwithrubber,orPVC.
Asideeffectofdivingsuitsisthattheyalsoprovidebuoyancy,whichthedivermustcontrolunderwater.
Therearemainfourtypesofambientpressuredivingsuits:
Wetsuitsareusedtypicallywhendivinginwatertemperaturesbetween10and25oC(50to80oF).
Amodernwetsuitismostlymadefromthinneoprene,whichprovideslimitedthermalprotection,andlinedwithanylonfabrictomakeiteasytoputonandtakeoff.
Awetsuitallowsasmallamountofwaterintothesuit,buttrapsthisthinlayerofwaterbetweentheskinandtheneoprene,whichbodyheatthenwarmsup.Theneopreneitselfinsulatesthewarmlayeragainstthecoldofthesurroundingwater.Aclosefitisessentialtoensurethesuitefficientlyworks,astoolooseafitwillsimplyallowthewarmlayertoflushawayandbereplacedbycoldwater.
Thereissomecontroversyoverwhoinventedthewetsuit.MostsayitwasJackO’Neillwhostartedusingneoprene,whichhefoundliningthefloorofanairliner,tomakeasimplevest.Hewentontofoundthesuccessfulwetsuitmanufacturer,O’Neill.Ontheotherhand,BobandBillMeistrell,acoupleofkidsfromManhattanBeach,California,claimtohavestartedexperimentingwithneoprenearound1953.TheircompanywouldlaterbenamedBodyGlove.
Wetsuitscomeindifferentthicknessesdependingontheconditionsforwhichitisintended.Thethickerthesuit,thewarmeritwillkeepthewearer.Athicksuitisstiff,somobilityisrestricted.Awetsuitisnormallydescribedintermsofitsthickness.Forinstance,awetsuitwithatorsothicknessof5mmandalimbthicknessof3mmwillbedescribedasa"5/3"Differenttypesofwetsuitareavailable,froma"shorty"(shortarms,shortlegs)toa"longjohn"(fulllengtharmandlegs).
Wetsuitsarecheapandsimple.Theylosebuoyancyandthermalprotectionastheycompressatdepth.
Wetsuitsarealsocommonlywornforwatersportactivitiesotherthandiving,suchaswindsurfing.
Drysuitsareusedtypicallywhendivinginwatertemperaturesbetween0and15oC(32to60oF).
Sealsatthewristsandneckpreventwaterenteringthesuit.Evenso,thediverwillbedampafteradiveinadrysuitduetosweatandcondensation.Thesealsareeithermadefromlatexrubberorneoprene.Latexsealssurviveforamaximumoftwoyearsbutaresupple.Neoprenesealslastlongerbutallowmorewatertoenterbecause,beingstiffer,theydonotmakeeffectivesealsinthecontoursofthewristandneck.
Thesuithasanairinflationvalve,whichallowsthedivertocontrolthebuoyancyofthesuitbyinjectinggasfromthedivingregulatortoavoidsqueezeduringdescent.Italsohasanairventvalve,whichallowsthedivertoventoffhigherpressuregasfromthesuitduringtheascent.Ventvalvescanbeautomatic,operatingaspressurereliefvalves,ormanual,wherethedivermustraisethevalvetovent.Automaticventsaregenerallylocatedattheshoulderandmanualventsarelocatedatthewrist.Thetypicaldrysuithasbuilt-inboots.Ithasazipper,forentryandexit,acrossthebackoftheshouldersordiagonallyacrossthefrontofthetorso.
Therearetwotypesofdrysuit:
Semi-drysuitsareusedtypicallywhendivinginwatertemperaturesbetween10and20oC(50to70oF).
Sealsatthewristsandnecklimitthevolumeofwaterenteringandleavingthesuit.Thedivergetswetinasemi-drysuitbutthewaterthatentersissoonwarmedupanddoesnotleavethesuitreadily,sothediverremainswarm.Thetrappedlayerofwaterdoesnotaddtothesuit’sinsulatingability.Anyresidualwatercirculationpastthesealsstillcausesheatloss.Butsemi-drysuitsarecheapandsimplecomparedtodrysuits.Theyareconstructedfromthickneoprene,whichprovidesgoodthermalprotection.Theylosebuoyancyandthermalprotectionasthetrappedgasbubblesintheneoprenecompressatdepth.Semi-drysuitscancomeinvariousconfigurationsincludingasinglepieceortwopieces,composedof’longjohns’andaseparate’jacket’.Semidrysuitsdonotusuallyincludebootssoaseparatepairofinsulatingbootsareworn
Skinsareusedtypicallywhendivinginwatertemperaturesabove25oC,77oF.TheyaremadefromLycraandprovidelittlethermalprotectionbutsimplyprotecttheskinfromstingsandabrasion.Lycrabecamepopularapproximately20yearsago,andisstyledafterwomen’snylonstockings.Aussielifeguardsworenylonstoprotectagainstjellyfishstingswhenonrescues.Thedownsideoflycraisthatitcanshredwhencontactinganabrasivesurface,andthatitcanbecostly.
Theoriginaldiveskinswereaneoprenejacketandtightjeansandknownasa’TopandLevis’.Jeanshaveanegativebuoyancyofapproximately8oz.Somediversbelievethemtobeexcellentdivingskins.Theyofferminimalthermalprotectionbutgoodprotectionagainstsun,abrasion,andstings.Theycanbepurchasedslimfitortaperedandwillshrinktofit.Jeanscanalsobetuckedintodivebootsorcuffedtopreventdragunderwater.Withstreetclothesandat-shirtordivetoponehasthebasicsforasafeandfundive.However,jeansprovideverypoorthermalcharacteristicsoutofthewater.Wetjeansstayverywetandverycoldinevenmoderateclimates.Somoderndiveskinsmaybepreferableinallbutthewarmestconditions.
AnAtmosphericDivingSuitorADSisaperson-shaped,articulatedsubmersiblethatprovidesthe"diver"withaenvironmentatoneatmosphereofpressureatanydepth.Theycanbeusedforverydeepdives,600metres/2000feet,formanyhourswithoutthenormalhazardsofdepth,suchasthedecompressionsicknessornitrogennarcosis.
Theylooklikesuitsofarmour,withelaboratepressurejointstoallowarticulationwhileresistingthelargedifferencebetweentheinsideandoutsidepressure.Theyareoftenconstructedfromaluminium,weigharound250kg/500poundsandhavepropellersallowingthemtomoveinwater.Oftentheyareloweredfromasupportvessel,whichsuppliesbreathinggas,electricpowerandcommunicationstothesuitthroughanumbilicalcable.Thesuitmayincorporatearebreather-typebreathingsystemintheeventofanemergencywheretheumbilicalsupplyfails.