1、列举法（details）
　　作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举顺序可以按照所列各点内容相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。

　　Yesterday as one of those aful days for me hen everything I did ent rong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for ork. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting ith my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my ne skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that as in it. After lunch, my boss as angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "et Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. hen I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a indo to get in and cut my hand.
　　根据本段主题句中关键词组everything I did ent rong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。常用于列举法过渡连接词有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。

　　2、举例法（example）
　　作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法一种，它们区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开段落。

　　There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a alk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go simming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short, no matter hat their interests are, people can alays find more than one sports that are suitable to them.

　　本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用连接词有：for example（instance）, one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。

　　3、叙述法（narration）
　　叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身时间或空间排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章含义，例如：

　　In the flat opposite, a oman heard the noise outside. hen she looked out through the indo, she discovered that her neighbor as threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In anser to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen ent inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.

　　这段是按照事物发展先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场过程。全文脉络清晰，叙述层次感强，结构紧凑。常用于叙述法中过渡连接词有：first, an the beginning, to start ith, after that, later, then, afterards, in the end, finally等。

　　4、对比法或比较法（comparison & contrast）
　　将同类事物按照某种特定规则进行比较分析是一种常用思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间异同和优缺点，例如：
　　The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits ork a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.
　　在这段文字上，作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较，“-- a thousand times faster than --”；而后，又将这一概念具体到了“a problem”上，通过对比使读者从“-- a long time -- in one minute”上有更加直观认识。
常用于对本法或比较法上过渡连接词有：than, compared ith等。

　　5、分类法（classification）
　　在阐述某一概念段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰认识，如：
　　Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. hen there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in hich motions stand for letters, ords and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of hole ords are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, hoever, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, hile shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.
　　在该段中为了说明topic sentence中“various forms of communication”，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。
　　采用这种方法段落并没有标志突出连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显主次之分。

　　６、因果分析法（cause and effect）
　　在阐述某一现象段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：
　　The role of omen in today's society is changing. One reason is that omen have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the omen's movement. Also, omen are aare of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of omen ho enter ne fields and interests serve as role models for other omen. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of omen and have begun to vie their independence positively.
　　本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象原因作出各种解释。 常用于因果分析法连接词有：because, so, as a result等。

　　7、定义法（definition）
　　在科普文章写作中，定义法是必不可少。通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接认识。
　　Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods ith feer orkers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
　　这一段文字使我们了解了“automation”和“Second Industrial Revolution”两个概念，分别由“refers to”和“been called”引出。常出现在定义法中词语有：refer to, mean, call等。

　　8、重复法（repetition）
　　句子一部分反复出现在段落中，这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼气氛，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力。比如：
　　Since that time, hich is far enough aay from no, I have often thought that fe people kno hat secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I as in mortal terror of the young man ho anted my heart and liver; I as in mortal terror of my interlocutor ith the iron leg; I as in mortal terror of myself, from hom an aful promise had been extracted;
　　该段中反复应用了I as in mortal terror of …我经常处于恐怖之中。以上，我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落几种方法。在实际写作中，我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法，而是将若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有声有色。

　　结尾段
　　我们知道文章开头很重要，因为好开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者注意力。同样，文章结尾也很重要，好结尾会使读者对全文中心思想留下深刻印象，可以增添文章效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思问题给读者留下回味和思考余地。但是，如何才能写好英文短文结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用方法：

　　1、重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调效果。
　　例1：A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it orth living.
　　例2：ith all these benefits, it is no onder that sports and games have no become more popular ith people than ever.

　　2、作出结论：文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章中心思想或作者观点。
　　例1：In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knoledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
　　例2：On the hole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toard TV. But e must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on ho e look at it.

　　3、应用引语：用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强说服力。
　　例1：If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest ay to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those ho help themselves."
　　例2：If e stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of ater ears aay a stone."

　　4、用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定，具有明显强调作用，引起读者思考。
　　例1：Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, hy should e not develop this ability as far as possible?
　　例2：So，hat can e benefit from ealth if e do not have health?

　　5、提出展望或期望: 表示对将来展望或期待读者投入行动。
　　例1：I am sure that Chinese ill become one of the most important languages in the orld in the next century. As China ill open further to the outside orld the language is sure to be spread orld idely.
　　例2： If everyone has developed good manners, people ill form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately toards others and social ethics people ill live in a better orld. ith the general mood of society improved, there ill be a progress of civilization.
　　以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙记叙文，往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强说明文和议论文都应有一个正式结尾。希望以上介绍几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助。<